6 isolate - Isolate a process using Linux Containers
10 *isolate* 'options' *--init*
12 *isolate* 'options' *--run* +--+ 'program' 'arguments'
14 *isolate* 'options' *--cleanup*
18 Run 'program' within a sandbox, so that it cannot communicate with the
19 outside world and its resource consumption is limited. This can be used
20 for example in a programming contest to run untrusted programs submitted
21 by contestants in a controlled environment.
23 The sandbox is used in the following way:
25 * Run *isolate --init*, which initializes the sandbox, creates its working directory and
26 prints its name to the standard output.
28 * Populate the directory with the executable file of the program and its
31 * Call *isolate --run* to run the program. A single line describing the
32 status of the program is written to the standard error stream.
34 * Fetch the output of the program from the directory.
36 * Run *isolate --cleanup* to remove temporary files.
38 Please note that by default, the program is not allowed to start multiple
39 processes of threads. If you need that, turn on the control group mode
45 Output meta-data on the execution of the program to a given file.
46 See below for syntax of the meta-files.
49 Limit address space of the program to 'size' kilobytes. If more processes
50 are allowed, this applies to each of them separately.
53 Limit run time of the program to 'time' seconds. Fractional numbers are allowed.
54 Time in which the OS assigns the processor to different tasks is not counted.
56 *-w, --wall-time=*'time'::
57 Limit wall-clock time to 'time' seconds. Fractional values are allowed.
58 This clock measures the time from the start of the program to its exit,
59 so it does not stop when the program has lost the CPU or when it is waiting
60 for an external event. We recommend to use *--time* as the main limit,
61 but set *--wall-time* to a much higher value as a precaution against
64 *-x, --extra-time=*'time'::
65 When a time limit is exceeded, wait for extra 'time' seconds before
66 killing the program. This has the advantage that the real execution time
67 is reported, even though it slightly exceeds the limit. Fractional
68 numbers are again allowed.
70 *-k, --stack=*'size'::
71 Limit process stack to 'size' kilobytes. By default, the whole address
72 space is available for the stack, but it is subject to the *--mem* limit.
74 *-i, --stdin=*'file'::
75 Redirect standard input from 'file'. The 'file' has to be accessible
78 *-o, --stdout=*'file'::
79 Redirect standard output to 'file'. The 'file' has to be accessible
82 *-r, --stderr=*'file'::
83 Redirect standard error output to 'file'. The 'file' has to be accessible
86 *-p, --processes*[*=*'max']::
87 Permit the program to create up to 'max' processes and/or threads. Please
88 keep in mind that time and memory limit do not work with multiple processes
89 unless you enable the control group mode. If 'max' is not given, an arbitrary
90 number of processes can be run.
93 Tell the sandbox manager to be verbose and report on what is going on.
94 Using *-v* multiple times produces even more jabber.
98 UNIX processes normally inherit all environment variables from their parent. The
99 sandbox however passes only those variables which are explicitly requested by
103 Inherit the variable 'var' from the parent.
105 *-E, --env=*'var'*=*'value'::
106 Set the variable 'var' to 'value'. When the 'value' is empty, the
107 variable is removed from the environment.
110 Inherit all variables from the parent.
112 The rules are applied in the order in which they were given, except for
113 *--full-env*, which is applied first.
115 The list of rules is automatically initialized with *-ELIBC_FATAL_STDERR_=1*.
119 The sandboxed process gets its own filesystem namespace, which contains only subtrees
120 requested by directory rules:
122 *-d, --dir=*'in'*=*'out'[*:*'options']::
123 Bind the directory 'out' as seen by the caller to the path 'in' inside the sandbox.
124 If there already was a directory rule for 'out', it is replaced.
126 *-d, --dir=*'dir'[*:*'options']::
127 Bind the directory +/+'dir' to 'dir' inside the sandbox.
128 If there already was a directory rule for 'out', it is replaced.
130 *-d, --dir=*'in'*=*::
131 Remove a directory rule for the path 'in' inside the sandbox.
133 By default, all directories are bound read-only and restricted (no devices,
134 no setuid binaries). This behavior can be modified using the 'options':
137 Allow read-write access.
140 Allow access to character and block devices.
143 Disallow execution of binaries.
146 Silently ignore the rule if the directory to be bound does not exist.
149 Instead of binding a directory, mount a device-less filesystem called 'in'.
150 For example, this can be 'proc' or 'sysfs'.
152 The default set of directory rules binds +/bin+, +/dev+ (with devices allowed), +/lib+,
153 +/lib64+ (if it exists), and +/usr+. It also binds the working directory to +/box+ (read-write)
154 and mounts the proc filesystem at +/proc+.
158 Isolate can make use of system control groups provided by the kernel
159 to constrain programs consisting of multiple processes. Please note
160 that this feature needs special system setup described in the REQUIREMENTS
164 Enable use of control groups.
167 Limit total memory usage by the whole control group to 'size' kilobytes.
170 Use control groups for timing, so that the *--time* switch affects the
171 total run time of all processes and threads in the control group.
175 The meta-file contains miscellaneous meta-information on execution of the
176 program within the sandbox. It is a textual file consisting of lines
177 of format 'key'*:*'value'. The following keys are defined:
180 When control groups are enabled, this is the total memory use
181 by the whole control group (in kilobytes).
183 Number of context switches forced by the kernel.
185 Number of context switches caused by the process giving up the CPU
188 The program has exited normally with this exit code.
190 The program has exited after receiving this fatal signal.
192 Present when the program was terminated by the sandbox
193 (e.g., because it has exceeded the time limit).
195 Maximum resident set size of the process (in kilobytes).
197 Status message, not intended for machine processing.
198 E.g., "Time limit exceeded."
200 Two-letter status code:
201 * *RE* -- run-time error, i.e., exited with a non-zero exit code
202 * *SG* -- program died on a signal
204 * *XX* -- internal error of the sandbox
206 Run time of the program in fractional seconds.
208 Wall clock time of the program in fractional seconds.
212 When the program inside the sandbox finishes correctly, the sandbox returns 0.
213 If it finishes incorrectly, it returns 1.
214 All other return codes signal an internal error.
218 Isolate depends on several advanced features of the Linux kernel. Please
219 make sure that your kernel supports
220 PID namespaces (+CONFIG_PID_NS+),
221 IPC namespaces (+CONFIG_IPC_NS+), and
222 network namespaces (+CONFIG_NET_IS+).
223 If you want to use control groups, you need
224 the cpusets (+CONFIG_CPUSETS+),
225 CPU accounting controller (+CONFIG_CGROUP_CPUACCT+), and
226 memory resource controller (+CONFIG_CGROUP_MEM_RES_CTLR+).
230 Isolate was written by Martin Mares and Bernard Blackham.
231 It can be distributed and used under the terms of the GNU
232 General Public License version 2.